izindaba

Isazi sokwenziwa kwezinto eziphilayo uTom knight sathi, “Ikhulu lama-21 lizoba ikhulu leminyaka lesayensi yezinto eziphilayo zobunjiniyela.”Ungomunye wabasunguli be-synthetic biology futhi ungomunye wabasunguli abahlanu be-Ginkgo Bioworks, inkampani yezinkanyezi ku-synthetic biology.Le nkampani yafakwa ohlwini lweNew York Stock Exchange ngoSepthemba 18, futhi ukulinganisa kwayo kwafinyelela ku-US$15 billion.
Izintshisekelo zocwaningo zika-Tom Knight zishintshile zisuka kukhompyutha zaya kusayensi yezinto eziphilayo.Kusukela ngesikhathi sesikole samabanga aphezulu, wasebenzisa iholidi lasehlobo ukuze afundele ikhompuyutha nohlelo e-MIT, wabe esesebenzisa amazinga akhe e-undergraduate kanye neziqu e-MIT.
UTom Knight Eqaphela ukuthi uMthetho kaMoore wawubikezela imingcele yokuxhaphaza komuntu ama-athomu e-silicon, wagxilisa ukunakekela kwakhe ezintweni eziphilayo.“Sidinga indlela ehlukile yokubeka ama-athomu endaweni efanele… Iyiphi ikhemistri eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu?I-biochemistry.Ngicabanga ukuthi ungasebenzisa ama-biomolecules, njengamaprotheni, angakwazi ukuzihlanganisa futhi ahlangane phakathi kwebanga elidingayo.crystallization.”
Ukusebenzisa ukucabanga kobuningi nokwekhwalithi yobunjiniyela ukuze udizayine imisuka yebhayoloji sekuyindlela entsha yocwaningo.I-synthetic biology ifana nokukhuphuka kolwazi lomuntu.Njengomkhakha wezobunjiniyela, isayensi yamakhompiyutha, isayensi yekhompiyutha, njll., unyaka wokuqala webhayoloji yokwenziwa umiswe njengowezi-2000.
Ezifundweni ezimbili ezishicilelwe kulo nyaka, umqondo wokuklama isifunda sezazi zebhayoloji uzuze ukulawulwa kokubonakaliswa kofuzo.
Ososayensi base-Boston University bakhe i-Gene toggle switch ku-E. coli.Le modeli isebenzisa kuphela amamojula wofuzo amabili.Ngokulawula izisusa zangaphandle, ukubonakaliswa kofuzo kungavulwa noma kuvalwe.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, ososayensi eNyuvesi yasePrinceton basebenzisa amamojula amathathu ofuzo ukuze bafinyelele umphumela wemodi “ye-oscillation” kusiginali yesifunda ngokusebenzisa ukuvinjwa okuhlangene nokukhululwa kokuvimbela phakathi kwabo.

Umdwebo wokushintsha i-Gene
I-Cell Workshop
Emhlanganweni, ngezwa abantu bekhuluma “ngenyama yokwenziwa.”
Ngokulandela imodeli yenkomfa yekhompiyutha, “ingqungquthela ezihlelele ngaphandle kwengqungquthela” yokuxhumana kwamahhala, abanye abantu baphuza ubhiya futhi baxoxe: Yimiphi imikhiqizo ephumelelayo ekhona ku-“Synthetic Biology”?Othile ukhulume “ngenyama yokwenziwa” ngaphansi kokuthi Impossible Food.
I-Impossible Food ayikaze izibize ngokuthi "i-synthetic biology" inkampani, kodwa iphuzu eliyinhloko lokuthengisa eliyihlukanisa neminye imikhiqizo yenyama yokwenziwa-i-hemoglobin eyenza inyama yemifino ihogele "inyama" eyingqayizivele ivela kule nkampani eminyakeni engaba ngu-20 edlule.Kwemikhakha esafufusa.
Ubuchwepheshe obuhilelekile buwukusebenzisa ukuhlela kalula izakhi zofuzo ukuze imvubelo ikhiqize “i-hemoglobin.”Ukuze kusetshenziswe igama le-synthetic biology, imvubelo iba “imboni yamangqamuzana” ekhiqiza izinto ngokuvumelana nezifiso zabantu.
Yini eyenza inyama ibe bomvu futhi ibe nephunga elikhethekile lapho inambitheka?I-Impossible Food ibhekwa "njenge-hemoglobin" ecebile enyameni.I-Hemoglobin itholakala ekudleni okuhlukahlukene, kodwa okuqukethwe kuphezulu kakhulu emisipha yezilwane.
Ngakho-ke, i- hemoglobin yakhethwa umsunguli wale nkampani nesazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo uPatrick O. Brown “njengesithako esiyinhloko” sokulingisa inyama yezilwane.Ekhipha lokhu “kunongo” ezitshalweni, uBrown wakhetha ubhontshisi wesoya ocebile nge- hemoglobin ezimpandeni zawo.
Indlela yokukhiqiza yendabuko idinga ukukhishwa okuqondile "kwe-hemoglobin" ezimpandeni zikabhontshisi wesoya.Ikhilogremu elilodwa “le-hemoglobin” lidinga amahektha angu-6 kabhontshisi wesoya.Ukukhishwa kwezitshalo kuyabiza, futhi I-Impossible Food iye yasungula indlela entsha: ukufaka isakhi sofuzo esingahlanganisa i-hemoglobin ibe imvubelo, futhi njengoba imvubelo ikhula futhi iphindaphinda, i-hemoglobin izokhula.Ukusebenzisa isifaniso, lokhu kufana nokuvumela ihansi lizalele amaqanda esikalini sama-microorganisms.

I-Heme, ekhishwa ezitshalweni, isetshenziswa kuma-burgers "inyama yokwenziwa".
Ubuchwepheshe obusha bukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kuyilapho kunciphisa izinsiza zemvelo ezisetshenziswa ukutshala.Njengoba izinto eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza ziyimvubelo, ushukela, namaminerali, akukho udoti wamakhemikhali omningi.Uma ucabanga ngakho, lobu ubuchwepheshe ngempela "obenza ikusasa libe ngcono".
Uma abantu bekhuluma ngalobu buchwepheshe, ngizwa sengathi lobu ubuchwepheshe obulula nje.Emehlweni abo, ziningi kakhulu izinto ezingakhiwa kusukela ezingeni lofuzo ngale ndlela.Amapulasitiki awonakaliswayo, izinongo, imithi emisha kanye nemithi yokugoma, izibulala-zinambuzane zezifo ezithile, ngisho nokusetshenziswa kwe-carbon dioxide ukuze kuhlanganiswe isitashi… Ngaqala ukuba nemicabango ebambekayo mayelana namathuba alethwa i-biotechnology.
Funda, bhala, futhi uguqule izakhi zofuzo
I-DNA ithwala konke ukwaziswa kokuphila okuvela emthonjeni, futhi iwumthombo wezinkulungwane zezici zokuphila.
Namuhla, abantu bangafunda kalula ukulandelana kwe-DNA futhi bahlanganise ukulandelana kwe-DNA ngokomklamo.Engqungqutheleni, ngezwa abantu bekhuluma ngobuchwepheshe be-CRISPR obuzuze uMklomelo KaNobel kuKhemistry ka-2020 izikhathi eziningi.Lobu buchwepheshe, obubizwa nge-“Genetic Magic Scissor”, bungakwazi ukuthola nokusika i-DNA ngokunembile, ngaleyo ndlela kuqashelwe ukuhlelwa kofuzo.
Ngokusekelwe kulobu buchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo, izinkampani eziningi zokuqalisa ziye zavela.Abanye bayisebenzisela ukuxazulula ukwelashwa kwezakhi zofuzo zezifo ezinzima njengomdlavuza nezifo zofuzo, kanti abanye bayisebenzisela ukutshala izitho zokufakelwa komuntu futhi bathole izifo.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlela izakhi zofuzo bungene ezinsizeni zezentengiso ngokushesha kangangokuthi abantu babona amathemba amahle e-biotechnology.Ngokombono wengqondo yokuthuthuka ye-biotechnology ngokwayo, ngemva kokuba ukufundwa, ukuhlanganiswa, nokuhlelwa kokulandelana kofuzo sekukhulile, isigaba esilandelayo ngokwemvelo ukuklama kusuka ezingeni lofuzo ukukhiqiza izinto ezihlangabezana nezidingo zabantu.Ubuchwepheshe bebhayoloji yokwenziwa bungaqondwa futhi njengesigaba esilandelayo ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bofuzo.
Ososayensi ababili u-Emmanuelle Charpentier noJennifer A. Doudna futhi bawine uMklomelo KaNobel kuKhemistry weCRISPR ngo-2020.
“Abantu abaningi bebekhathazeke kakhulu ngencazelo yebhayoloji yokwenziwa… Lolu hlobo lokushayisana lwenzekile phakathi kobunjiniyela nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo.Ngicabanga ukuthi noma yini ewumphumela walokhu isiqalile ukuqanjwa ngokuthi i-synthetic biology.”Kusho uTom Knight.
Ukunweba isikali sesikhathi, kusukela ekuqaleni komphakathi wezolimo, abantu baye bahlola futhi bagcina izici zezilwane nezitshalo abazifunayo ngokuzalanisa okude nokukhetha.I-synthetic biology iqala ngokuqondile ezingeni lofuzo ukuze ikhiqize izici ezifunwa abantu.Njengamanje, ososayensi basebenzise ubuchwepheshe be-CRSPR ukukhulisa irayisi elabhorethri.
Omunye wabahleli bale ngqungquthela, uMsunguli we-Qiji uLu Qi uthe kuvidiyo evulayo ukuthi i-biotechnology ingase ilethe izinguquko ezinkulu emhlabeni njengobuchwepheshe bangaphambili be-Inthanethi.Lokhu kubonakala kuqinisekisa ukuthi abaphathi be-inthanethi bonke bazwakalise intshisekelo kusayensi yezempilo lapho besula.
Izikhulu ze-inthanethi zonke ziyanaka.Ingabe inkambiso yebhizinisi yesayensi yempilo iyeza ekugcineni?
UTom Knight (wokuqala kwesokunxele) kanye nabanye abasunguli be-Ginkgo Bioworks abane |I-Ginkgo Bioworks
Ngesikhathi sesidlo sasemini, ngezwa ucezu lwezindaba: Abakwa-Unilever bathe ngoSepthemba 2 bazotshala ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1 ukuze kuqedwe uphethiloli emikhiqizweni ehlanzekile ngo-2030.
Phakathi neminyaka eyi-10, okokuhlanza izingubo, impushana yokuwasha, kanye nemikhiqizo yensipho ekhiqizwe yi-Procter & Gamble kancane kancane izosebenzisa izinto zokusetshenziswa zezitshalo noma ubuchwepheshe bokuthwebula i-carbon.Le nkampani iphinde yabekela eceleni enye ibhiliyoni eyodwa yama-euro ukuze isungule isikhwama sokuxhasa ucwaningo nge-biotechnology, i-carbon dioxide nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni.
Abantu abangitshele lezi zindaba, njengami engizwile lezi zindaba, bamangala kancane ngesikhathi esilinganiselwe iminyaka engaphansi kwe-10: Ingabe ucwaningo lwezobuchwepheshe kanye nentuthuko ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi kuzofezeka ngokugcwele maduze nje?
Kodwa ngithemba ukuthi kuzofezeka.